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In general, the information attackers seek via enumeration includes user account names (to inform subsequent password-guessing attacks), oft-misconfigured shared resources (for example, unsecured file shares), and older software versions with known security vulnerabilities (such as web servers with remote buffer overflows).

However, the information that leaks from the following holes can be your undoing, as we illustrate throughout this chapter. Much of the information garnered through enumeration may appear harmless at first glance.

We will show you what to look for and how to block them, if possible. As such, they may (should!) be logged or otherwise noticed. Enumeration involves active connections to systems and directed queries. The key difference between the previously discussed information-gathering techniques and enumeration is in the level of intrusiveness. It is also worth noting that, as an attacker progresses through later stages of the attack and obtains connectivity to hosts and segments he previously did not have access to, he will often return to this phase to find ways to greatly expand his foothold and work toward specific targets. Now that an attacker has successfully identified live hosts and running services using the techniques discussed in Chapter 2, he will typically turn next to probing the identified services more fully for known weaknesses, a process we call enumeration. Hacking Exposed 7: Network Security Secrets and Solutions (2012) PART I.

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